**Roanoke Times, October 1994** (https://scholar.lib.vt.edu/VA-news/ROA-Times/issues/1994/rt9410/941009/10140019.htm): Two research teams — British team led by Peter Gill (Forensic Science Service) and German team led by Maurice Philip Remy — announced results together in London. British team used intestinal tissue sample in paraffin wax; German team used a 43-year-old blood specimen. Anderson’s DNA did not resemble Nicholas II’s and Alexandra’s. British tests showed approximately 1-in-300 probability that Anderson was not Schanzkowska. Remy quotation confirming she was not Anastasia.
**Virginian-Pilot, October 1994** (https://scholar.lib.vt.edu/VA-news/VA-Pilot/issues/1994/vp941006/10060504.htm): Independent corroboration of the same 1994 announcement — two teams, two sample types, consistent exclusion result.
**Penn State University — Anastasia Story** (https://www.psu.edu/news/research/story/anastasia-story): Graduate student Terry Melton and professor Mark Stoneking at Penn State cross-checked intestinal tissue results with hair strands attributed to Anderson. Both sample types tested. Mitochondrial DNA and hypervariable control regions described as the technical basis for the testing.
**EBSCO Research Starters — Identification of Anastasia Romanov’s Remains** (https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/applied-sciences/identification-anastasia-romanovs-remains): 1991 grave: nine bodies, five Romanovs, four servants, three daughters identified but naming dispute between Russian and American researchers. 2007/2008: additional remains found 70 meters from original site, identified as Alexei and one daughter. Coble et al. 2009 cited. Anderson’s STR and DNA testing confirmed exclusion. Prince Philip blood sample donated for mtDNA comparison. Russia’s Investigative Committee confirmed identifications in 2008.
**ODU Romanov Assignment Part C** (https://sites.wp.odu.edu/sp23biol294-crn29953/wp-content/uploads/sites/32863/2023/04/Romanov-Asssignment-Part-C.pdf): Anderson’s nuclear DNA — four of five STR markers inconsistent with parent-child relationship with Nicholas II and Alexandra. Her mtDNA showed six differences from Prince Philip’s, excluding maternal relationship. Karl (Carl) Maucher mtDNA exact match — confirms maternal relatedness. Franziska Schanzkowska born 1896 in Pomerania. 2007 grave found 70 meters from 1991 site; missing daughter’s mtDNA matched Alix but Russia/U.S. researchers dispute whether she was Maria or Anastasia.